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Grammar Tutorial ::: Active Voice / कर्तृवाच्य / kartRRIvaachya

Active Voice (कर्तृवाच्य / kartRRIvaachya): We will study "Active Voice" in this chapter with examples. Other two sentence formations will be covered in chapter 7 and 8 later. All subsequent chapters are in active voices except chapter 7 and 8.

Study the following statements.

आङ्ग्लभाषा / English	संस्कृत / Sanskrit	Subject (कर्ता / kartaa)	Verb (क्रिया / kriyaa)	Object (कर्म / karma)
1. The boy is going	बालः गच्छति baalaH gachchhati	The boy बालः / baalaH	going गच्छति / gachchhati	-
2. I am going	अहं गच्छामि aha.n gachchhami	I am अहं / aha.n	going गच्छामि / gachchhami	-
3. The boy is reading	बालः पठति baalaH pathati	The boy बालः / baalaH	reading पठति / pathati	-
4. I am reading	अहं पठामि aha.n pathaami	I am अहं / aha.n	reading पठामि / pathaami	-
5. The boy is going to school	बालः विद्यालयम् गच्छति baalaH vidyaalayam gachchhati	The boy बालः / baalaH	going गच्छति / gachchhati	to school विद्यालयम् / vidyaalayam
6. I am going to school	अहं विद्यालम् गच्छामि aha.n vidyaalayam gachchhami	I am अहं / aha.n	going गच्छामि / gachchhami	to school विद्यालयम् / vidyaalayam
7. The boy is reading the book	बालकः पुस्तकम् पठति baalakaH pustakam paThati	The boy बालकः / baalakaH	reading पठति / pathati	the book पुस्तकम् / pustakam
8. I am reading the book	अहं पुस्तकम् पठामि aha.n pustakam paThaami	I am अहं / aha.n	reading पठामि / pathaami	the book पुस्तकम् / pustakam

These are all examples of Active Voice or कर्तृवाच्य (kartRRivaachya).

Sentence 1 to 4 do not have any "Object" or कर्म (karma) in them. So these are intransitive or अकर्म कर्तृवाच्य (akarmaka kartRRivachya).

Rule 5: In a कर्तृवाच्य (kartRRivaachya) the "Subject" or कर्ता (kartaa) is always in the "nominative case" or प्रथमा विभक्ति (prathamaa vibhakti).



Sentence 5 to 8 have "Object" or कर्म (karma) like विद्यालयम् (vidyaalayam), पुस्तकम् (pustakam) in them. So, these are transitive or सकर्मक कर्तृवाच्य (sakarmaka kartRRivachya).



Rule 6: In a कर्तृवाच्य (kartRRivaachya) the "Object" or कर्म (karma) is always in the "accusative case" or द्वितीया विभक्ति (dvitiiyaa vibhakti).