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Grammar Tutorial ::: Reference - Verb Forms / धारुरूप / dhaaturuupa

Verb Classification (धारुरूप / dhaaturuupa): In chapter 1 and 3 we learnt about verb forms. Each verb has:

• 10 tenses or लकार (lakaara). We have seen out of the 10 tenses 5 are enough for all our day-to-day needs;
• 3 persons or पुरुष (पुरुष) - 3rd person (प्रथमपुरुष / prathamapuruSha), 2nd person (मध्यमपुरुष / madhyamapuruSha) and 1st person (उत्तमपुरुष / uttamapuruSha);
• and 3 numbers - singuar (एकवचन / ekavachana), dual (द्द्विवचन /dvivachana) and plural (बहुवचन / bahuvachana)

The verb form is derived by adding special suffix तिप् (tip) to the root of the word. All such words are also called तिवन्तपद (tivantapada) meaning "ending with तिप् (tip)". In this chapter we will learn about classification of verbs and their respective तिप् (tip) suffixes.

The verb form for each category of word is derived by adding pre-defined pattern of तिप् (tip) suffixes to the word root. All other words in that category follow the same pattern. For example - the verb "be" or भू (bhuu) has a form like भवति (bhavati), भवतः (bhavataH), भन्ति (bhavanti) and so on. The verb "read" or पठ् (paTh) is of the same category and follows the same pattern as पठति (paThati), पठतः (paThataH), पठन्ति (paThanti). In both the cases the suffixes ति (ti), तः (taH) and न्ति (nti) were added to the root words be (भू / bhuu) and read (पठ् / paTh) to get the derived form.

In Sanskrit verbs are classified into different categories based on:

• the receiver of their result. If the result of the action represented by the verb is for the doer (Subject), then it is आत्मनेपदी (aatmanepadii) meaning "for self". All other verbs are परस्मैपदी (parasmaipadii) or "for others". The तिप् (tip) suffix used in these are different. Following table has the तिप् (tip) suffixes, for both.
  
  

  पद - पुरुष pada - puruSha	for others परस्मैपदी - parasmaipadii			for self आत्मनेपदी - aatmanepadii
  3rd Person प्रथमपुरुष - prathamapuruSha	तिप् tip	तस् tas	झि jhi	त ta	आताम् aataam	झ jh
  2nd Person मध्यमपुरुष - madhyamapuruSha	सिप् sip	थस् thas	थ tha	थास् thaas	आथाम् aathaam	ध्वम् dhvam
  1st Person उत्तमपुरुष - uttamapuruSha	मिप् mip	वस् vas	मस् mas	इट् iT	वहिङ् vahiN^	महिङ् mahiN^

  
  
  
• their group or गण (gaNa). The verbs can belong to one of the 10 pre-defined groups or गण (gaNa). The groups are -
  • भ्वादिगण - bhvaadigaNa
  • अदादिगण - adaadigaNa
  • जुहोत्यादिगण - juhotyaadigaNa
  • दिवादिगण - divaadigaNa
  • स्वादिगण - svaadigaNa
  • तुदादिगण - tudaadigaNa
  • रुधादिगण - rudhaadigaNa
  • तनादिगण - tanaadigaNa
  • क्रयादिगण - krayaadigaNa
  • चुरादिगण - churaadigaNa

Following is a set of important verbs with their verb-forms along with the list of verbs of same category. Knowing these will help in deriving the verb forms of other similar words. Note: We are in the process of adding verb-forms of more such verbs.

गण gaNa	परस्मैपदी parasmaipadii	आत्मनेपदी aatmanepadii	उभयपदी ubhayapadii
भ्वादिगण bhvaadigaNa	भू - bhuu, पठ् - paTh, गम् - gam, दृश् - dRRish, स् - sthaaथा, वद् - vad, श्रु - shru, रक्ष् - raksh, रक्ष - raksha, पा - paa, घ्रा - ghraa, सेव् - sev, पच् - pach, नम् - nam, स्कृ- skRRi, वस् - vas	लभ् - labh, सेव् - sev, बुध् - budh, मृद्- mRRid, सह् - sah, वृत् - vRRit, ईक्ष् - iiksh	याच् - yaach, नी - nii, वह् - vah
अदादिगण adaadigaNa	अद् - ad, अस् - as, रुद् - rud, सूप् - suup, स्तु - stu, या - yaa, पा - paa, शास् - shaas, विद् - vid	आस् - aas, शी - shii, ब्रु - bru, अधि + इ - adhi + i
जुहोत्यादिगण juhotyaadigaNa	हृ - hRRi, भी - bhii, हा - haa, ह्री - hrii	मा - maa	भू - bhuu, दा - daa, धा - dhaa
दिवादिगण divaadigaNa	दिव् - div, नृत् - nRRit, नश् - nash, भ्रम् - bhram, श्रम् - shram, सो - so, नो - no, कुप् - kup	पद् - pad, सुध् - sudh, जन् - jan
स्वादिगण svaadigaNa	आप् - aap, शक् - shak, चि - chi	अश् - ash	सु - su
तुदादिगण tudaadigaNa	इष् - iSh, प्रच्छ् - prachchh, लिख् - likh, स्पृश् - spRRish	म - ma, सिप् - sip	तुक् - tuk, मुञ्च् - muJNch
रुधादिगण rudhaadigaNa	छिद् - chhid, भिद् - bhid, हिंस् - hi.ns, भाज् - bhaaj, भूज् - bhuuj, युज् - yuj	भूज् - bhuuj, युज् - yuj	रुध् - rudh
तनादिगण tanaadigaNa			तन् - tan, कृ - kRRi
क्रयादिगण krayaadigaNa	बन्ध् - bandh, मन्त्र् - mantr		क्री - krii, स्कुञ्ज् - skuJNj, गृह् - gRRih, पूञ्ज् - puuJNj, ज्ञा - dnyaa, शीञ्ज् - shiiJNj, मीञ्ज् - miiJNj, विज् - vij
चुरादिगण churaadigaNa	चुर् - chur		रुद् - rud, चिन्त् - chint, गण् - gaN, कथ् - kath, भक्ष् - bhaksh

---

be - भू - bhuu

be - भू - bhuu (लट्लकार भ्वादिगण परस्मैपदी - laTlakaara bhvaadigaNa parasmaipadii)
Person / पुरुष / puruSha	Number / वचन / vachana
	Singular एकवचन / ekavachana	Dual द्वीवचन / dviivachana	Plural बहुवचन / bahuvachana
Third प्रथम / prathama	भवति bhavati	भवतः bhavataH	भवन्ति bhavanti
Second मध्यम / madhyama	भवसि bhavasi	भवथः bhavathaH	भवथ bhavatha
First उत्तम / uttama	भवामि bhavaami	भवावः bhavaavaH	भवामः bhavaamaH

be - भू - bhuu (लङ्लकार भ्वादिगण परस्मैपदी - laN^lakaara bhvaadigaNa parasmaipadii)
Person / पुरुष / puruSha	Number / वचन / vachana
	Singular एकवचन / ekavachana	Dual द्वीवचन / dviivachana	Plural बहुवचन / bahuvachana
Third प्रथम / prathama	अभवत् abhavat	अभवताम् abhavataam	अभवत् abhavat
Second मध्यम / madhyama	अभवः abhavaH	अभवतम् abhavatam	अभवत abhavata
First उत्तम / uttama	अभवम् abhavam	अभवाव abhavavaava	अभवाम abhavavaama

be - भू - bhuu (लृट्लकार भ्वादिगण परस्मैपदी - lRRiTlakaara bhvaadigaNa parasmaipadii)
Person / पुरुष / puruSha	Number / वचन / vachana
	Singular एकवचन / ekavachana	Dual द्वीवचन / dviivachana	Plural बहुवचन / bahuvachana
Third प्रथम / prathama	भविष्यति bhaviShyati	भविष्यतः bhaviShyataH	भविष्यन्ति bhaviShyanti
Second मध्यम / madhyama	भविष्यसि bhaviShyasi	भविष्यथः bhaviShtathaH	भविष्यथ bhaviShyatha
First उत्तम / uttama	भविष्यामि bhaviShyaami	भविष्यावः bhaviShyaavaH	भविष्यामः bhaviShyaamaH

be - भू - bhuu (विधैलिङ्लकार भ्वादिगण परस्मैपदी - vidhailiN^lakaara bhvaadigaNa parasmaipadii)
Person / पुरुष / puruSha	Number / वचन / vachana
	Singular एकवचन / ekavachana	Dual द्वीवचन / dviivachana	Plural बहुवचन / bahuvachana
Third प्रथम / prathama	भवेत् bhavet	भवेताम् bhavetaam	भवेयुः bhaveyuH
Second मध्यम / madhyama	भवेः bhaveH	भवेतम् bhavetam	भवेत bhaveta
First उत्तम / uttama	भवेयम् bhaveyam	भवेव bhaveva	भवेम bhavema

be - भू - bhuu (आझयांलोट्लकार भ्वादिगण परस्मैपदी - aadnyaa.nloTlakaara bhvaadigaNa parasmaipadii)
Person / पुरुष / puruSha	Number / वचन / vachana
	Singular एकवचन / ekavachana	Dual द्वीवचन / dviivachana	Plural बहुवचन / bahuvachana
Third प्रथम / prathama	भवतु bhavatu	भवताम् bhavataam	भवन्तु bhavantu
Second मध्यम / madhyama	भव bhava	भवतम् bhavatam	भवत bhavata
First उत्तम / uttama	भवानि bhavaani	भवाव bhavaava	भवाम bhavaama
Similar Words समरूपधातु / samaruupadhaatu	पठ् - paTh, वद् - vad, श्रु - shru, रक्ष् - raksh, रक्ष - raksha, पा - paa, घ्रा - ghraa, सेव् - sev, पच् - pach, नम् - nam, वस् - vas, गम् - gam, दृश् - dRRish, स्था - sthaa

get - लभ् - labh

get - लभ् - labh (लट्लकार भ्वादिगण आत्मनेपदी - laTlakaara bhvaadigaNa aatmanepadii)
Person / पुरुष / puruSha	Number / वचन / vachana
	Singular एकवचन / ekavachana	Dual द्वीवचन / dviivachana	Plural बहुवचन / bahuvachana
Third प्रथम / prathama	लभते labhate	लभेते labhete	लभन्ते labhante
Second मध्यम / madhyama	लभसे labhase	लभेथे labhethe	लभध्वे labhadhve
First उत्तम / uttama	लभे labhe	लभावहे labhaavahe	लभामहे labhaamahe

get - लभ् - labh (लङ्लकार भ्वादिगण आत्मनेपदी - laN^lakaara bhvaadigaNa aatmanepadii)
Person / पुरुष / puruSha	Number / वचन / vachana
	Singular एकवचन / ekavachana	Dual द्वीवचन / dviivachana	Plural बहुवचन / bahuvachana
Third प्रथम / prathama	अलभत alabhata	अलभेताम् alabhetaam	अलभन्त alabhanta
Second मध्यम / madhyama	अलभथाः alabhathaaH	अलभेथाम् alabhethaam	अलभध्वाम् alabhadhvaam
First उत्तम / uttama	अलभे alabhe	अलभावहै alabhaavahai	अलभामहि alabhaamahi

get - लभ् - labh (लृट्लकार भ्वादिगण आत्मनेपदी - lRRiTlakaara bhvaadigaNa aatmanepadii)
Person / पुरुष / puruSha	Number / वचन / vachana
	Singular एकवचन / ekavachana	Dual द्वीवचन / dviivachana	Plural बहुवचन / bahuvachana
Third प्रथम / prathama	लप्स्यते lapsyate	लप्स्येते lapsyete	लप्स्यन्ते lapsyante
Second मध्यम / madhyama	लप्स्यसे lapsyase	लप्स्येथे lapsyethe	लप्स्यध्वे lapsyadhve
First उत्तम / uttama	लप्स्ये lapsye	लप्स्यावहे lapsyaavahe	लप्स्यामहे lapsyaamahe

get - लभ् - labh (विधैलिङ्लकार भ्वादिगण आत्मनेपदी - vidhailiN^lakaara bhvaadigaNa aatmanepadii)
Person / पुरुष / puruSha	Number / वचन / vachana
	Singular एकवचन / ekavachana	Dual द्वीवचन / dviivachana	Plural बहुवचन / bahuvachana
Third प्रथम / prathama	लभेत labheta	लभेयाताम् labheyaataam	लभेरन् labheran
Second मध्यम / madhyama	लभेथाः labhethaaH	लभेयाथाम् labheyaathaam	लभेध्वाम् labhedhvaam
First उत्तम / uttama	लभेय labheya	लभेवहि labhevahi	लभेमहि labhemahi

get - लभ् - labh (आझयांलोट्लकार भ्वादिगण आत्मनेपदी - aadnyaa.nloTlakaara bhvaadigaNa aatmanepadii)
Person / पुरुष / puruSha	Number / वचन / vachana
	Singular एकवचन / ekavachana	Dual द्वीवचन / dviivachana	Plural बहुवचन / bahuvachana
Third प्रथम / prathama	लभताम् labhataam	लभेताम् labhetaam	लभन्ताम् labhantaam
Second मध्यम / madhyama	लभस्व labhasva	लभेथाम् labhethaam	लभध्वाम् labhadhvaam
First उत्तम / uttama	लभै labhai	लभावहै labhaavahai	लभामहै labhaamahai
Similar Words समरूपधातु / samaruupadhaatu	सेव् - sev, वुध् - vudh, मृद् - mRRid, सह् - sah, वृत् - vRRit, ईक्ष् - iiksh