क्तवतु प्रत्यय / ktavatu pratyaya (Past Tense): In this chapter we will study the क्तवतु प्रत्यय (ktavatu pratyaya). The verb-form with this suffix is used in active voice (कर्तृवाच्य / kartRRivaachya) sentences to express past tense. This is a simpler alternative to लट्लकार (laTlakaara) verb-form.
Study the following sentences. These are using क्तवतु प्रत्यय (ktavatu pratyaya).
आङ्ग्लभाषा
English | संस्कृत
Sanskrit | Verb + ktavatu Suffix (gender, number)
धातु + क्तवतु (लिङ्ग, वचन)
dhaatu + ktavatu (liN^ga, vachana) | Comments |
|---|
| 1. I went to temple. | अहं देवालयं गतवान् ।
aha.n devaalaya.n gatavaan | गतवान् = गम् + क्तवतु (पुं, एक)
gatavaan = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, eka) | The sentences are in active voice with क्तवतु (ktavatu) suffixed words expressing past tense. The verb-forms are same irrespective of the person (पुरुष / puruSha). |
| 2. You went to school. | त्वं विद्यालयं गतवान् ।
tva.n vidyaalaya.n gatavaan | गतवान् = गम् + क्तवतु (पुं, एक)
gatavaan = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, eka) |
| 3. He went to office. | सः कार्यालयं गतवान् ।
saH kaaryaalaya.n gatavaan | गतवान् = गम् + क्तवतु (पुं, एक)
gatavaan = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, eka) |
| 4. The boy went home. | बालकः गृहं गतवान् ।
baalakaH gRRiha.n gatavaan | गतवान् = गम् + क्तवतु (पुं, एक)
gatavaan = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, eka) |
| 5. Both of us went. | आवां गतवन्तौ ।
aavaa.n gatavantau | गतवन्तौ = गम् + क्तवतु (पुं, द्वी)
gatavantau = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, dvii) |
| 6. Both of you went. | युवां गतवन्तौ ।
yuvaa.n gatavantau | गतवन्तौ = गम् + क्तवतु (पुं, द्वी)
gatavantau = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, dvii) |
| 7. Both of them went. | तौ गतवन्तौ ।
tau gatavantau | गतवन्तौ = गम् + क्तवतु (पुं, द्वी)
gatavantau = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, dvii) |
| 8. All of us went. | वयं गतवन्तः ।
vaya.n gatavantaH | गतवन्तः = गम् + क्तवतु (पुं, बहु)
gatavantaH = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, bahuu) |
| 9. All of you went. | यूयं गतवन्तः ।
yuuya.n gatavantaH | गतवन्तः = गम् + क्तवतु (पुं, बहु)
gatavantaH = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, bahuu) |
| 10. All of them went. | ते गतवन्तः ।
te gatavantaH | गतवन्तः = गम् + क्तवतु (पुं, बहु)
gatavantaH = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, bahu) |
| 11. The girl went to temple. | बालिका देवालयं गतवती ।
baalikaa devaalaya.n gatavatii | गतवती = गम् + क्तवतु (स्त्री, एक)
gatavatii = gam + ktavatu (strii, eka) | The subject in each sentence is in feminine gender (स्त्रीलिङ्ग / striiliN^ga). The verb-form has taken the form of the word "river" (नदी / nadii). |
| 12. Both the girls went to school. | बालिके विद्यालयं गतवत्यौ ।
baalike vidyaalaya.n gatavatyau | गतवत्यौ = गम् + क्तवतु (स्त्री, द्वी)
gatavatyau = gam + ktavatu (strii, dvii) |
| 13. All the girls went home. | बालिकाः गृहं गतवत्यः ।
baalikaaH gRRiha.n gatavatyaH | गतवत्यः = गम् + क्तवतु (स्त्री, बहु)
gatavatyaH = gam + ktavatu (strii, bahu) |
| 14. The boy went to market. | बालकः विपणिं गतवान् ।
baalakaH vipaNi.n gatavaan | गतवान् = गम् + क्तवतु (पुं, एक)
gatavaan = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, eka) | The subject in each sentence is in masculine gender (पुलिङ्ग / puliN^ga). The verb-form has taken the form of the word "you" (भवत् / bhavat). |
| 15. Both the boys went to school. | बालकौ विद्यालयं गतवन्तौ ।
baalakau vidyaalaya.n gatavantau | गतवन्तौ = गम् + क्तवतु (पुं, द्वी)
gatavantau = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, dvii) |
| 16. All the boys went home. | बालकाः गृहं गतवन्तः ।
baalakaaH gRRiha.n gatavantaH | गतवन्तः = गम् + क्तवतु (पुं, बहु)
gatavantaH = gam + ktavatu (pu.n, bahuu) |
| 17. The vehicle went. | यानम् गतवत् ।
yaanam gatavat | गतवत् = गम् + क्तवतु (न, एक)
gatavat = gam + ktavatu (na, eka) | The subject in each sentence is in neuter gender (नपुंलिङ्ग / napu.nliN^ga). The verb-form has taken the form of the word "sir" (श्रीमत् / shriimat). |
| 18. Both the vehicles went. | याने गतवती ।
yaane gatavatii | गतवती = गम् + क्तवतु (न, द्वी)
gatavatii = gam + ktavatu (na, dvii) |
| 19. All the vehicles went. | यानानि गतवन्ति ।
yaanaani gatavanti | गतवन्ति = गम् + क्तवतु (न, बहु)
gatavanti = gam + ktavatu (na, bahu) |
| 20. The boy who has read. | पठितवान् बालकः ।
paThitavaan baalakaH | पठितवान् = पठ् + क्तवतु
paThitavaan = paTh + ktavatu | The sentences are in active voice. The क्तवतु (ktavatu) suffixed words expressing past tense have been used as adjective (विशेषण / visheShaNa). |
| 21. Of the person who is going. | गतवतः जनस्य ।
gatavataH janasya | गतवतः = गम् + क्तवतु
gatavataH = gam + ktavatu |
| 22. To the boy who has written. | लिखितवन्तं बालकं ।
likhitavanta.n vaalaka.n | लिखितवन्तं = लिख् + क्तवतु
likhitavanta.n = likh + ktavatu |
| 23. The girl who spoke. | कथितवती बालिका ।
khathitavatii baalika | कथितवती = कथ् + क्तवतु
khathitavatii = khath + ktavatu |
| 24. The leaves which have fallen from tree. | वृक्षात् पतितवन्त्रि पत्राणि ।
vRRikshaat patitavanti patraaNi | पतितवन्त्रि = पत् + क्तवतु
patitavanti = pat + ktavatu |
Grammatical Rule
In active voice (कर्तृवाच्य / kartRRivaachya) sentences
the verb with क्तवतु (ktavatu) suffix is used to
express action in past tense; and it follows the number (वचन / vachana)
and gender (लिङ्ग / liN^ga) of the subject (कर्ता / kartaa).
Grammatical Rule
The क्तवतु (ktavatu) suffixed word
does not follow the person (पुरुष / puruSha) of the subject,
and has the same verb-form for
first person (उत्तमपुरुष / uttamapuruSha),
second person (मध्यमपुरुष / madhyamapuruSha) and
third person (प्रथमपुरुष / prathamapuruSha).
The sentences 1, 2, 3 and 4 have "I" (अस्मद् / asmad), "you" (युष्मद् / yuShmad), "he" (तद् / tad)
and "boy" (बाल / baala) as
subjects in
singular (एकवचन / ekavachana) form.
The verb-form used for all is गतवान् (gatavaan).
Similarly, sentences 5 to 7
subjects (कर्ता / kartaa) are in
dual (द्वीवचन / dviivachana) form with गतवन्त्यौ (gatavantyau) as the क्तवतु (ktavatu) verb-form.
The sentences 8 to 10
subjects (कर्ता / kartaa) are in
plural (बहुवचन / bahuvachana) form with गतवन्तः (gatavantaH) as the क्तवतु (ktavatu) verb-form. In all
the sentences the क्तवतु (ktavatu) verb-form is not affected by the
persons or पुरुष (puruSha)
of the
subject (कर्ता / kartaa). This makes क्तवतु (ktavatu) suffix a
simpler alternative to लट्लकार (laTlakaara) where each
person or पुरुष (puruSha)
follows a different verb-form.
Grammatical Rule
The क्तवतु (ktavatu) suffixed word follows the noun-form of
"you" (भवत् / bhavat), "river" (नदी / nadii) and "sir" (श्रीमत् / shriimat) words to
express masculine (पुलिङ्ग / puliN^ga), feminine (स्त्रीलिङ्ग / striiliN^ga)
and neuter (नपुंलिङ्ग / napu.nliN^ga) genders respectively.
The sentences 1 to 19 are expressing action in
past tense.
In sentences 1 to 10 and 14 to 16 the
subjects are in
masculine gender
(पुलिङ्ग / puliN^ga) and the corresponding क्तवतु (ktavatu) suffixed words are
following the form of word "you" (भवत् / bhavat). The
subjects in sentences 11 to 13
are in
feminine gender (स्त्रीलिङ्ग / striiliN^ga), and the respective क्तवतु (ktavatu)
suffixed words are following the form of word "river" (नदी / nadii). Similarly, in the
sentences 17 to 19 the
subjects are in
neuter gender (नपुंलिङ्ग / napu.nliN^ga),
and the क्तवतु (ktavatu) suffixed words are following the form of word "sir" (श्रीमत् / shriimat).
Followings are the क्तवतु प्रत्यय (ktavatu pratyaya) form of few commonly used verbs. Only
the nominative case singular (प्रथमाविभक्ति एकवचन / prathamaavibhakti ekavachana) form is given following the noun-form of
"you" (भवत् / bhavat), "river" (नदी / nadii) and "sir" (श्रीमत् / shriimat) words, for each gender.
| Commonly Used क्तवतु प्रत्यय (ktavatu pratyaya) Forms |
|---|
Verb
धातु
dhaatu | क्तवतु
ktavatu | | Verb
धातु
dhaatu | क्तवतु
ktavatu | | Verb
धातु
dhaatu | क्तवतु
ktavatu |
|---|
eat
खाद्
khaad | खादितवान्, खादितवती, खादितवत्
khaaditavaan, khaaditavatii, khaaditavat | | go
गम्
gam | गतवान्, गतवती, गतवत्
gatavaan, gatavatii, gatavat | | sing
गै
gai | गीतवान्, गीतवती, गीतवत्
giitavaan, giitavatii, giitavat |
take
नी
nii | नीतवान्, नीतवती, नीतवत्
niitavaan, niitavatii, niitavat | | fall
पत्
pat | पतितवान्, पतितवती, पतितवत्
patitavaan, patitavatii, patitavat | | worship
पूज्
puuj | पूजितवान्, पूजितवती, पूजितवत्
puujitavaan, puujitavatii, puujitavat |
see
दृश्
dRRish | दृष्टवान्, दृष्टवती, दॄष्तवत्
dRRiShTavaan, dRRiShTavatii, dRRiShTavat | | accept
ग्रह्
grah | गृहीतवान्, गृहीतवती, गृहीतवत्
gRRihiitavaan, gRRihiitavatii, gRRihiitavat | | tell
कथ्
kath | कथितवान्, कथितवती, कथितवत्
kathitavaan, kathitavatii, kathitavat |
know
ज्ञा
dnyaa | ज्ञातवान्, ज्ञातवती, ज्ञातवत्
dnyaatavaan, dnyaatavatii, dnyaatavat | | do
कृ
kRRi | कृतवान्, कृतवती, कृतवत्
kRRitavaan, kRRitavatii, kRRitavat | | ask
प्रच्छ्
prachchh | पृष्टवान्, पृष्टवती, पृष्टवत्
pRRiShTavaan, pRRiShTavatii, pRRiShTavat |
fear
भी
bhii | भीतवान्, भीतवती, भीतवत्
bhiitavaan, bhiitavatii, bhiitavat | | - | - | | - | - |