Grammar Tutorial ::: Past Tense / लङ्लकार / laN^lakaara

Modified on 2013/08/03 21:39 by biswajitdash — Categorized as: Uncategorized

लङ्लकार / laN^lakaara (Past Tense): In previous chapter we studied about future tense. In this chapter we will study about past tense. लङ्लकार (laN^lakaara) verb-forms represent the past tense in a sentence. So, while forming sentences in past tense we need to use verbd-forms from लङ्लकार (laN^lakaara).

The complete लङ्लकार / laN^lakaara of पठ् / paTh (read) and गम् / gam (go) धातु / dhaatu are given at the end of this chapter for reference. Study the following sentences. These are in भुतकाल (bhutakaala) or past tense.

आङ्ग्लभाषा / English	संस्कृत / Sanskrit	Subject शब्द / shabda	Verb धातु / dhaatu	Comments
Past Tense - Third Person Singular भुतकाल प्रथमपुरुष एकवचन / bhutakaala prathamapuruSha ekavachana
1. The boy was reading.	बालकः अपठत् baalakaH apaThat	बालक baalaka	पठ् paTh	-
2. The girl was reading.	बालिका अपठत् baalikaa apaThat	बालिका baalikaa	पठ् paTh	-
3. Rama was reading.	रामः अपठत् raamaH apaThat	राम raama	पठ् paTh	-
4. Sita was reading.	सीता अपठत् siitaa apaThat	सीता siitaa	पठ् paTh	-
5. The boy was going.	बालकः अगच्छत् baalakaH agachchhat	बालक baalaka	गम् gam	-
6. The girl was going.	बालिका अगच्छत् baalikaa agachchhat	बालिका baalikaa	गम् gam	-
Past Tense - Third Person Plural भुतकाल प्रथमपुरुष बहुवचन / bhutakaala prathamapuruSha bahuvachana)
7. The boys were reading.	बालकाः अपठन् baalakaaH apaThan	बालक baalaka	पठ् paTh	-
8. The girls were reading.	बालिकाः अपठन् baalikaaH apaThan	बालिका baalikaa	पठ् paTh	-
9. Students were reading.	च्छात्राः अपठन् chchhaatraaH apaThan	च्छात्र chchhaatra	पठ् paTh	-
10. Clearks were reading.	लिपिकाराः अपठन् lipikaaraaH apaThan	लिपिकार lipikaara	पठ् paTh	-
11. The boys were going.	बालकाः अगच्छन् baalakaaH agachchhan	बालक baalaka	गम् gam	-
12. The girls were going.	बालिकाः अगच्छन् baalikaaH agachchhan	बालिका baalikaa	गम् gam	-

In setences 1 to 6, the Subject (कर्ता / kartaa) is in 3rd person singular (प्रथमपुरुष एकवचन / prathamapuruSha ekavachana). As the verb always follows the number and peson, the verb (पठति / paThati) is also in 3rd person singular (प्रथमपुरुष एकवचन / prathamapuruSha ekavachana).

In case of setences 7 to 12, the Subject (कर्ता / kartaa) is in 3rd person plural (प्रथमपुरुष बहुवचन / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana). Similarly the verb (पठन्ति / paThanti) is also in प्रथमपुरुष बहुवचन / prathamapuruSha bahuvachana of verb पठ् (paTh).

All the above sentences were in third person (प्रथमपुरुष / prathamapuruSha). Now let us study the following sentences. These are in second person (मध्यमपुरुष / madhyamapuruSha) and first person (उत्तमपुरुष / uttamapuruSha).

आङ्ग्लभाषा / English	संस्कृत / Sanskrit	Subject शब्द / shabda	Verb धातु / dhaatu	Comments
Past Tense - Second Person Singular भुतकाल मध्यमपुरुष एकवचन / bhutakaala madhyamapuruSha ekavachana
13. You were going.	त्वं अगच्छः tva.n agachchhaH	युस्मद् yusmad	गम् gam	-
14. You were reading.	त्वं अपठः tva.n apaThaH	युस्मद् yusmad	पठ् paTh	-
Past Tense - First Person Singular भुतकाल उत्तमपुरुष एकवचन / bhutakaala uttamapuruSha ekavachana
15. I was going.	अहं अगच्छम् aha.n agachchham	अस्मद् asmad	गम् gam	-
16. I was reading.	अहं अपठम् aha.n apaTham	अस्मद् asmad	पठ् paTh	-
Past Tense - Second Person Plural भुतकाल मध्यमपुरुष बहुवचन / bhutakaala madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana)
17. You all were going.	युयं अगच्छत yua.n agachchhata	युस्मद् yusmad	गम् gam	-
18. You all were reading.	युयं अपठत yua.n apaThata	युस्मद् yusmad	पठ् paTh	-
Past Tense - First Person Plural भुतकाल उत्तमपुरुष बहुवचन / bhutakaala uttamapuruSha bahuvachana)
19. We all were going.	वयं अगच्छाम vaya.n agachchhaama	अस्मद् asmad	गम् gam	-
20. We all were reading.	वयं अपठाम vaya.n apaThaama	अस्मद् asmad	पठ् paTh	-

In sentences 13 and 14 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person singular (मध्यमपुरुष एकवचन / madhyamapuruSha ekavachana) and in case of 17 and 18 the Subject (kartaa) is in second person plural (मध्यमपुरुष बहुवचन / madhyamapuruSha bahuvachana). We can see that in all these sentences the Subject used is युस्मद् (yusmad) शब्द (shabda). In case of second person the kartaa is always युस्मद् (yusmad) शब्द (shabda).

In sentences 15 and 16 the Subject is in first person singular (उत्तमपुरुष एकवचन / uttamapuruSha ekavachana). In case of 19 and 20 the Subject is in first person plural (उत्तमपुरुष बहुवचन / uttamapuruSha bahuvachana). In all these sentences the Subjects used is अस्मद् (asmad) शब्द (shabda). In case of first person the kartaa is always अस्मद् (asmad) शब्द (shabda).

The followings are the dual number form of above sentences.

आङ्ग्लभाषा / English	संस्कृत / Sanskrit	Subject शब्द / shabda	Verb धातु / dhaatu	Comments
Past Tense - Dual भुतकाल द्विवचन / bhutakaala dvivachana)
21. Two boys were reading.	बालकौ अपठताम् baalakau apaThataam	बालक baalaka	पठ् paTh	-
22. Two girls were reading.	बालिके अपठताम् baalike apaThataam	बालिका baalikaa	पठ् paTh	-
23. Two boys were going.	बालकौ अपठताम् baalakau apaThataam	बालक baalaka	गम् gam	-
24. Two girls were going.	बालिके अगच्छताम् baalike agachchhataam	बालिका baalikaa	गम् gam	-
25. Two students were reading.	च्छात्रौ अपठताम् chchhatrau apaThataam	च्छात्र chchhaatra	पठ् paTh	-
26. Two clearks were reading.	लिपिकारौ अपठताम् lipikaarau apaThataam	लिपिकार lipikaara	पठ् paTh	-
27. Both of you were going.	युवां अगच्छतम् yuvaa.n agachchhatam	युस्मद् yusmad	गम् gam	-
28. Both of you were reading.	युवां अपठतम् yuvaa.n apaThatam	युस्मद् yusmad	पठ् paTh	-
29. Both of us were going.	आवां अगच्छाव aavaa.n agachchhaava	अस्मद् asmad	गम् gam	-
30. Both of us were reading.	आवां अपठाव aavaa.n apaThaava	अस्मद् asmad	पठ् paTh	-

At the end of this chapter in Verb Forms - Practice Sentences 1 a collection of many Sanskrit sentences using लङ्लकार / laN^lakaara are given. You will know about many more nouns (शब्द / shabda) and verbs (धातु / dhaatu) in those.

In the next chapter we will study आझयांलोट्लकार (aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara) or verb-forms representing commands and requests.

Read / पठ् / paTh : लङ्लकार / laN^lakaara (Past tense / भुतकाल / bhutakaala)
Person / पुरुष / puruSha	Number / वचन / vachana
	Singular एकवचन / ekavachana	Dual द्वीवचन / dviivachana	Plural बहुवचन / bahuvachana
Third प्रथम / prathama	अपठत् / apaThat	अपठताम् / apaThataam	अपठन् / apaThan
Second मध्यम / madhyama	अपठः / apaThaH	अपठतम् / apaThatam	अपठत / apaThata
First उत्तम / uttama	अपठम् / apaTham	अपठाव / apaThaava	अपठाम / apaThaama

Go / गम् / gam : लङ्लकार / laN^lakaara (Past tense / भुतकाल / bhutakaala)
Person / पुरुष / puruSha	Number / वचन / vachana
	Singular एकवचन / ekavachana	Dual द्वीवचन / dviivachana	Plural बहुवचन / bahuvachana
Third प्रथम / prathama	अगच्छत् / agachchhat	अगच्छताम् / agachchhataam	अगच्छन् / agachchhan
Second मध्यम / madhyama	अगच्छः / agachchhaH	अगच्छतम् / agachchhatam	अगच्छत / agachchhata
First उत्तम / uttama	अगच्छम् / agachchham	अगच्छाव / agachchhaava	अगच्छाम / agachchhaama

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